Comparable Botulinum Toxin Outcomes between Primary and Secondary Blepharospasm: A Retrospective Analysis: Martinez-Ramirez D et al.

Abstract
Background: Blepharospasm is a focal cranial dystonia, which could be idiopathic in origin or secondary to an underlying disorder that commonly impairs qualityof life. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections have become the treatment of choice; however, a less favorable response to BoNT is expected in secondaryblepharospasm. …

2014 Martinez-Ramirez et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–Noncommercial–No Derivatives License, which permits the user to copy, distribute, and transmit the work provided that the original author(s) and source are credited; that no commercial use is made of the work; and that thework is not altered or transformed.
 
Autoren:
Daniel Martinez-Ramirez   1,
Juan C. Giugni   1,
Erin Hastings   1,
Aparna Wagle Shukla  1,
Irene A. Malaty  1,
Michael S. Okun   1,2 &
Ramon L. Rodriguez   1
  
 
 
 
Autoren-Details:
1   Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,
2   Department of Neurosurgery,Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA